1. Product Composition and Interfacial Engineering
1.1 Core-Shell Framework and Bonding Device
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments including a high-strength steel core wrapped up by a conductive copper layer, developing a metallurgically bound core-shell style.
The steel core, usually low-carbon or stainless-steel, provides mechanical toughness with tensile strengths surpassing 2000 MPa, while the copper finishing– typically 2– 10% of the complete diameter– conveys exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity.
The user interface in between steel and copper is vital for efficiency; it is crafted through electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding processes to make sure solid bond and minimal interdiffusion under operational stresses.
Electroplating is one of the most usual approach, supplying accurate density control and uniform coverage on constant steel filaments attracted via copper sulfate bathrooms.
Proper surface area pretreatment of the steel, consisting of cleansing, pickling, and activation, guarantees optimum nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, preventing delamination during succeeding processing or service.
Over time and at elevated temperatures, interdiffusion can develop brittle iron-copper intermetallic phases at the user interface, which may jeopardize adaptability and lasting integrity– a challenge minimized by diffusion barriers or rapid handling.
1.2 Physical and Practical Feature
CCSFs integrate the very best qualities of both constituent steels: the high flexible modulus and fatigue resistance of steel with the exceptional conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electric conductivity typically ranges from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Criterion (IACS), depending on coating thickness and purity, making CCSF substantially extra conductive than pure steel fibers (
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