1. Origin, Composition, and Molecular Style
1.1 Natural Source and Biochemical Account
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Animal protein-based frothing representatives are derived mainly from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from abattoir byproducts such as hooves, horns, bones, and hides.
Via controlled alkaline or chemical hydrolysis, these structural proteins are damaged down into amphiphilic polypeptides abundant in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which have both hydrophilic (– NH â‚‚,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) practical groups.
This twin affinity enables the molecules to adsorb effectively at air– water user interfaces throughout mechanical oygenation, decreasing surface area stress and supporting bubble formation– an essential requirement for generating uniform mobile concrete.
Unlike artificial surfactants, animal protein foaming agents are biodegradable, non-toxic, and display excellent compatibility with Portland cement systems because of their ionic nature and modest pH buffering capability.
The molecular weight circulation of the hydrolysate– commonly between 500 and 10,000 Da– directly affects foam security, water drainage price, and bubble dimension, making process control during hydrolysis necessary for consistent efficiency.
1.2 Foam Generation Device and Microstructure Control
When watered down with water (typically at proportions of 1:20 to 1:30) and presented into a foam generator, the healthy protein service creates a viscoelastic film around entrained air bubbles under high-shear problems.
This film resists coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven growth of bigger bubbles at the cost of smaller ones– by creating a mechanically robust interfacial layer enhanced via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic communications.
The resulting foam displays high growth proportions (generally 15– 25:1) and reduced drainage prices (
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